What is the reason for the difference in the performance of iron castings?
1. Introduction
The chemical composition of molten iron is the same, and the smelting process is different, and the properties of cast iron obtained vary greatly. Induction electric furnace smelting of molten iron can effectively control the temperature of molten iron, accurately adjust the chemical composition, reduce element burning loss, and have low sulfur and phosphorus content. It is very beneficial for the production of ductile iron, vermicular graphite cast iron and high-strength gray cast iron. However, the nucleation rate of molten iron smelted in the induction electric furnace is reduced, and the white mouth tends to be large, and it is easy to produce supercooled graphite. Although the strength and hardness have increased, the metallurgical quality of cast iron is not high. In cupola or electric furnace smelting molten iron, the advantages of adding pretreatment agent SiC are many. The silicon carbide added into the furnace is converted into carbon and silicon of cast iron. One is to increase the carbon equivalent; the other is to strengthen the reducibility of molten iron and greatly reduce the adverse effects of rusty charge. The addition of silicon carbide can prevent the precipitation of carbides, increase the amount of ferrite, make the cast iron structure dense, significantly improve the processing performance and make the cutting surface smooth. Increase the number of graphite balls per unit area of nodular cast iron and increase the spheroidization rate. It also has a good effect on reducing non-metallic inclusions and slag, eliminating shrinkage porosity, and eliminating subcutaneous pores.
2. The role of pretreatment
2.1 The principle of nucleation In Fe-C eutectic system, gray cast iron is the leading phase of eutectic due to the high melting point of graphite during the eutectic solidification stage, and austenite is precipitated by graphite. The two-phase graphite + austenite co-grown and co-grown grains formed with each graphite core as the center are called eutectic clusters. The submicroscopic graphite aggregates, unmelted graphite particles, some high melting point sulfides, oxides, carbides, nitride particles, etc. existing in the cast iron melt may become heterogeneous graphite nuclei. There is no essential difference between the nucleation of nodular cast iron and the nucleation of gray cast iron, except that magnesium oxides and sulfides are added to the core material.
The precipitation of graphite in molten iron must undergo two processes: nucleation and growth. There are two ways of graphite nucleation: homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous nucleation is also called spontaneous nucleation. There are a large number of undulating carbon atoms in the molten iron that exceed the critical crystal nucleus size, and the carbon atom groups arranged in an orderly manner in the short range may become homogeneous crystal nuclei. Experiments show that the degree of supercooling of homogeneous crystal nuclei is very large, and the heterogeneous crystal nucleus must be mainly used as a nucleating agent for graphite in molten iron. There are a large number of foreign particles in the molten cast iron, and there are 5 million oxidized material points in every 1cm3 of molten iron. Only those particles that have a certain relationship with the lattice parameters and phases of graphite can become graphite nucleation substrates. The characteristic parameter of the lattice matching relationship is called the plane mismatch degree. Of course, only when the mismatch of the lattice plane is small can the carbon atoms easily match the graphite nucleus. If the nucleation material is carbon atoms, then their mismatch degree is zero, and such nucleation conditions are the best.
The internal energy of silicon carbide decomposed into carbon and silicon in molten iron is greater than the carbon and silicon contained in the molten iron itself. The Si contained in the molten iron itself is dissolved in austenite, and the carbon in the molten iron of ductile cast iron is partly in the iron. Graphite spheres are formed in the liquid, some of which have not yet been precipitated in austenite. Therefore, the addition of silicon carbide has a good deoxidation effect.
(1) Si + O2 → SiO2
(2) MgO +SiO2 →MgO∙SiO2
(3) 2MgO +2SiO2→ 2MgO∙2SiO2
Enstatite composition MgO∙SiO2 and forsterite composition 2MgO∙2SiO2 have a high degree of mismatch with graphite (001) and are difficult to be used as the base for graphite nucleation. After being treated with molten iron containing Ca, Ba, Sr, Al and ferrosilicon, the following is obtained:
MgO∙SiO2 + X → XO∙SiO2 + Mg
(4) 4(2MgO∙2SiO2)+ 3X+ 6Al → 3(XO∙Al2O3∙2SiO2)+ 8Mg
(5) Where X——Ca, Ba, Sr:
The reaction products XO∙SiO2 and XO∙Al2O3∙SiO can form faceted crystals on MgO∙SiO2 and 2MgO∙2SiO2 substrates. Due to the low mismatch between graphite and XO∙SiO2 and XO∙Al2O3∙SiO2, it is conducive to graphite nucleation. Good graphitization. It can improve the processing performance and improve the mechanical properties.
2.2 Pre-inoculation of non-equilibrium graphite:
Generally, the scope of heterogeneous nucleation is expanded through inoculation, and the role of heterogeneous nucleation in molten iron:
①Promote a large amount of precipitation of C in the eutectic solidification stage and form graphite to promote graphitization;
②Reduce the supercooling degree of molten iron and reduce the tendency of white mouth;
③ Increase the number of eutectic clusters in gray cast iron or increase the number of graphite nodules in ductile iron.
SiC is added during the smelting of the charge. Silicon carbide has a melting point of 2700°C and does not melt in molten iron. It only melts in molten iron according to the following reaction formula.
SiC+Fe→FeSi+C (non-equilibrium graphite)
(6) In the formula, Si in SiC is combined with Fe, and the remaining C is non-equilibrium graphite, which serves as the core of graphite precipitation. Non-equilibrium graphite makes C in the molten iron unevenly distributed, and the local C element is too high, and "carbon peaks" will appear in the micro areas. This new graphite has high activity, and its mismatch with carbon is zero, so it is easy to absorb the carbon in the molten iron, and the inoculation effect is extremely superior. It can be seen that silicon carbide is such a silicon-based nucleating agent.
Silicon carbide is added during the smelting of cast iron. For gray cast iron, the pre-incubation of non-equilibrium graphite will generate a large number of eutectic clusters and increase the growth temperature (reduce the relative undercooling), which is conducive to the formation of type A graphite; the number of crystal nuclei increases, making the flakes Graphite is fine, which improves the degree of graphitization and reduces the tendency of white mouth, thereby improving the mechanical properties. For spheroidal graphite cast iron, the increase of crystalline cores increases the number of graphite balls and improves the spheroidization rate.
2.3 Elimination of E-type graphite eutectic gray cast iron. C-type and F-type primary graphite are formed in the liquid phase. Because the growth process is not interfered by austenite, under normal circumstances, it is easy to grow into large flakes and less branched C-type graphite ; When thin-walled castings are rapidly cooled, graphite will branch and grow into star-shaped F-shaped graphite.
The flake graphite grown in the eutectic solidification stage produces A, B, E, D graphites of different shapes and different distributions under different chemical compositions and different undercooling conditions.
Type A graphite is formed in the eutectic cluster with low undercooling and strong nucleation ability, and is evenly distributed in cast iron. Among the fine flake pearlite, the smaller the graphite length, the higher the tensile strength, which is suitable for machine tools and various mechanical castings.
Type D graphite is point and sheet-like interdendritic graphite with non-directional distribution. D-type graphite cast iron has a high ferrite content and its mechanical properties are affected. However, D-type graphite cast iron has many austenite dendrites, graphite is short and curled, and the eutectic group is in the form of pellets. Therefore, compared with the same matrix A-type graphite cast iron, it tends to have higher strength.
Type E graphite is a kind of flake graphite that is shorter than Type A graphite. Like D-type graphite, it is located between dendrites and is collectively referred to as dendritic graphite. E-type graphite is easily produced in cast iron with low carbon equivalent (large degree of hypoeutectic) and rich austenite dendrites. At this time, the eutectic clusters and dendrites cross-growth. Because the number of interdendritic eutectic iron liquid is small, the precipitated eutectic graphite only distributes along the direction of the dendrites, which has obvious directionality. The degree of undercooling to form E-type graphite is greater than that of A-type graphite and less than that of D-type graphite, and its thickness and length are between A and D-type graphite. Type E graphite does not belong to supercooled graphite, and is often accompanied by type D graphite. The directional distribution of E-type graphite among dendrites makes it easy for cast iron to be brittle and break in a band along the graphite arrangement direction under a small external force. Therefore, E-type graphite appears, and the corners of small castings can be broken by hand, and the strength of the castings is greatly reduced. As the carbon content increases, the cooling rate necessary to form fine interdendritic graphite increases, and the possibility of producing interdendritic graphite decreases. The high degree of overheating of the melt and long-term heat preservation will increase the degree of undercooling, thereby increasing the growth rate of the dendrites, making the dendrites longer and having more obvious directionality. When SiC is used to pre-incubate the molten iron, the undercooling of the primary austenite is reduced at the same time, and short austenite dendrites are observed at this time. Eliminates the structural basis of E-type graphite.
2.4 Improve the quality of cast iron
For spheroidal graphite cast iron, in the case of the same amount of spheroidizing agent, pretreatment with silicon carbide, the final yield of magnesium is higher. For molten iron pretreated with silicon carbide, if the residual magnesium content of the casting is approximately the same, the amount of spheroidizing agent added can be reduced by 10%, and the white mouth tendency of ductile iron is alleviated.
Silicon carbide in the smelting furnace, in addition to the carbon and silicon in the molten iron shown in the formula (1), the deoxidation reaction of formulas (2) and (3) is also carried out. If the added SiC is close to the furnace wall, the generated SiO2 will deposit on the furnace wall and increase the thickness of the furnace wall. Under the high temperature of smelting, SiO2 will undergo the decarburization reaction of formula (4) and the slagging reaction of formula (5) and (6).
(7) 3SiC+2Fe2O3=3SiO2+4Fe+3C
(8) C+FeO→Fe+CO↑
(9)(SiO2)+2C=[Si]+2CO (gaseous state)
(10) SiO2+FeO →FeO·SiO2 (slag)
(11) Al2O3+SiO2→Al2O3·SiO2 (slag)
The deoxidizing effect of silicon carbide makes the deoxidized product have a series of metallurgical reactions in the molten iron, reducing the harmful effects of oxides in the corroded charge, and effectively purifying the molten iron.
2.5 How to use silicon carbide Metallurgical grade silicon carbide has a purity of 88%-90%. When calculating the carbon increase and silicon increase, the impurities must be deducted first. According to the molecular formula of silicon carbide, it is easy to get: Carbon increase: C= C/(C + Si) = 12/(12 + 28) = 30%
(12) Increased silicon: Si = Si/(C + Si) = 28 / (12 + 28) = 70%
(13) The amount of silicon carbide added is usually 0.8%-1.0% of the amount of molten iron. The method of adding silicon carbide is: smelting molten iron in an electric furnace. When the crucible melts 1/3 of the charge, add it to the middle of the crucible, try not to touch the furnace wall, and then continue to add the charge for smelting. In cupola smelting molten iron, silicon carbide with a particle size of 1-5mm can be mixed with an appropriate amount of cement or other adhesives, and water is added to form a mass. After being dried in the hot sun, it can be used in the furnace according to the batch ratio.
3. concluding remarks
In the past 20 years, whether it is a truck, a business or a family car, reducing the weight of the vehicle has always been the development trend of automobile research and development. In the market slump of the financial crisis, China Northern Corporation bucked the trend and exported heavy-duty trucks to North America, precisely based on the light weight of heavy-duty trucks. The application of thin-walled gray cast iron, ductile iron and vermicular graphite cast iron, thick-walled ductile iron and Aubrey ductile iron, puts forward higher requirements on the metallurgical quality of cast iron. The inoculation pretreatment of silicon carbide has a good effect on improving the metallurgical quality of cast iron.
